Crystal structure of phloridzin and its distribution changes in flowering and fruiting stage of Malus rockii.

The exact structure of phloridzin was further confirmed as phloretin 6'-O-glucopyranoside by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. The distribution changes of phloridzin in flowering, fruitlet, and fruit ripening phases of Malus rockii were quantified by an HPLC with an external standard. The concentrations of phloridzin in leaves, twigs, and bark and xylem of twigs increased at first and then decreased, and reached the highest value in the fruitlet period. The highest concentration of phloridzin was found in leaves, with the percentage contents of 10.92-14.43 %. What is more, the decreased value of the concentration of phloridzin in leaves from fruit ripening period was almost equivalent to the increased value of the concentration of phloretin. This interesting physiological phenomenon should be able to provide the readers, especially plant physiologists, with a new perspective for the development and utilization of phloridzin.

Four new phenolic glycosides from Dobinea delavayi.

Three new benzophenone glycosides, 2-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-6,3',4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (1), 4'-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2,4,6,3'-tetramethoxybenzophenone (2) and 2-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxy-6-methylbenzophenone (3), and a new flavonoid glycoside 5'-hydroxyombuoside (6), along with three known phenolic glycosides 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-2,6,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone (4), mangiferin (5), and ombuoside (7), were isolated from the 80% ethanol extract of roots of Dobinea delavayi. Their structures were determined by the comprehensive analyses of the physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data (1D NMR, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS). Cytotoxicity and in vitro antimalarial activity of compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 were evaluated by MTT colorimetric assay and ß-hematin formation inhibition assay, respectively.

Dibenzofurans from Crataegus oresbia and their lipid-lowering activity.

Three new dibenzofurans, 2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxydibenzofuran (1), 2,8-dihydroxy-3,4,9-trimethoxydibenzofuran (5) and 2-hydroxy-3,4,6,8-tetramethoxydibenzofuran (6), together with three known dibenzofurans 1-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxydibenzofuran (2), 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxydibenzofuran (3) and 1,6-dihydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxydibenzofuran (4), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Crataegus oresbia. Their structures were identified by the comprehensive analyses of the physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data (NMR and HR-ESI-MS). Compounds 1-3 showed significant in vitro lipid-lowering activities, especially compound 3 was stronger than simvastatin.

Phloridzin Highly Accumulated in Malus rockii Rehder and Its Structure Revision and Hypolipidemic Activity.

Phloridzin is a lead compound of the prestigious antidiabetic gliflozins. The present study found that phloridzin highly accumulated in Malus rockii Rehder. The content of phloridzin in M. rockii was the highest among wild plants, with the percentage of 15.54% in the dry leaves. The structure of phloridzin was revised by proton exchange experiments and extensive 2D NMR spectra. Phloridzin exhibited significant hypolipidemic activity in golden Syrian hamsters maybe by increasing the expression of CYP7A1, at the doses of 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. The total performance of anti-hyperlipidemic effect of phloridzin may be superior to that of lovastatin, though lovastatin was more active than phloridzin. In addition, phloridzin exhibited moderate antimalarial activity with inhibition ratio of 31.3 ± 10.9% at a dose of 25 mg/kg/day, and showed moderate analgesic activity with 28.0% inhibition at a dose of 50 mg/kg.

Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery for the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia and its clinical characteristics.

We compared the therapeutic effects between botulinum toxin and surgery for acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) and analyze its clinical characteristics. The data of the 29 cases, who received treatment for AACE in the Ophthalmic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial Ophthalmology Hospital between January 2016 and January 2017, were collected. The 29 cases with AACE were followed for 6 months or more, and received either botulinum toxin injection (group A with 13 cases) or squint correction (group B with 16 cases). The distant and near deviation angles were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. The success rate (total horizontal deviation of 10 prism diopters or less) and stereopsis were compared between the two groups at post-treatment 6 months. At the same time, the relations between distant and near deviation angles were analyzed among different myopia levels and different AACE types. Results indicated that he success rate was not significantly different at post-treatment 6 months (84.6% vs 81.3%, P = 1.00). The distant and near deviation angles were all significantly different one day and one month after treatment (all P < 0.05); but at post-treatment 6 months, they were not significantly different (all P > 0.05) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the distant and near stereoacuity between the two groups at post-treatment 6 months (all P > 0.05). Among the 25 cases with myopia, the pre-treatment distant deviation angle was significantly higher than pre-treatment near deviation angle in the cases with myopia level >-2.5 D (P < 0.05), and the pre-treatment distant and near deviation angles were all significantly higher in the cases with type-IIAACE than in the cases with type-IIIAACE (all P < 0.05). This study suggests that Botulinum toxin is as effective as surgery in the treatment of AACE at post-treatment 6 months. For the cases with myopia level >-2.5 D, the pre-treatment distant deviation angle is significantly higher than pre-treatment near deviation angle; and both pre-treatment distant and near deviation angles are greater in the cases with type-IIAACE than in the cases with type-IIIAACE.